Threonine dehydrogenase regulates neutrophil homeostasis but not H3K4me3 levels in zebrafish.

l-threonine dehydrogenase (Tdh) is an enzyme that links threonine metabolism to epigenetic modifications and mitochondria biogenesis. In vitro studies show that it is critical for the regulation of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) levels and cell fate determination of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). However, whether Tdh regulates a developmental process in vivo and, if it does, whether it also primarily regulates H3K4me3 levels in this process as it does in mESCs, remains elusive. Here, we revealed that, in zebrafish hematopoiesis, tdh is preferentially expressed in neutrophils. Knockout of tdh causes a decrease in neutrophil number and slightly suppresses their acute injury-induced migration, but, unlike the mESCs, the level of H3K4me3 is not evidently reduced in neutrophils sorted from the kidney marrow of adult tdh-null zebrafish. These phenotypes are dependent on the enzymatic activity of Tdh. Importantly, a soluble supplement of nutrients that are able to fuel the acetyl-CoA pool, such as pyruvate, glucose and branched-chain amino acids, is sufficient to rescue the reduction in neutrophils caused by tdh deletion. In summary, our study presents evidence for the functional requirement of Tdh-mediated threonine metabolism in a developmental process in vivo. It also provides an animal model for investigating the nutritional regulation of myelopoiesis and immune response, as well as a useful tool for high-throughput drug/nutrition screening.

ZSWIM4 regulates embryonic patterning and BMP signaling by promoting nuclear Smad1 degradation.

The dorsoventral gradient of BMP signaling plays an essential role in embryonic patterning. Zinc Finger SWIM-Type Containing 4 (zswim4) is expressed in the Spemann-Mangold organizer at the onset of Xenopus gastrulation and is then enriched in the developing neuroectoderm at the mid-gastrula stages. Knockdown or knockout of zswim4 causes ventralization. Overexpression of zswim4 decreases, whereas knockdown of zswim4 increases the expression levels of ventrolateral mesoderm marker genes. Mechanistically, ZSWIM4 attenuates the BMP signal by reducing the protein stability of SMAD1 in the nucleus. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) identifies Elongin B (ELOB) and Elongin C (ELOC) as the interaction partners of ZSWIM4. Accordingly, ZSWIM4 forms a complex with the Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase and ELOB and ELOC, promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD1 in the nucleus. Our study identifies a novel mechanism that restricts BMP signaling in the nucleus.

A systematic survey of LU domain-containing proteins reveals a novel human gene, LY6A, which encodes the candidate ortholog of mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 and is aberrantly expressed in pituitary tumors.

The Ly-6 and uPAR (LU) domain-containing proteins represent a large family of cell-surface markers. In particular, mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 is a widely used marker for various stem cells; however, its human ortholog is missing. In this study, based on a systematic survey and comparative genomic study of mouse and human LU domain-containing proteins, we identified a previously unannotated human gene encoding the candidate ortholog of mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1. This gene, hereby named LY6A, reversely overlaps with a lncRNA gene in the majority of exonic sequences. We found that LY6A is aberrantly expressed in pituitary tumors, but not in normal pituitary tissues, and may contribute to tumorigenesis. Similar to mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1, human LY6A is also upregulated by interferon, suggesting a conserved transcriptional regulatory mechanism between humans and mice. We cloned the full-length LY6A cDNA, whose encoded protein sequence, domain architecture, and exon-intron structures are all well conserved with mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1. Ectopic expression of the LY6A protein in cells demonstrates that it acts the same as mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 in their processing and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring to the cell membrane. Collectively, these studies unveil a novel human gene encoding a candidate biomarker and provide an interesting model gene for studying gene regulatory and evolutionary mechanisms.

An Optimized Proteomics Approach Reveals Novel Alternative Proteins in Mouse Liver Development.

Alternative ORFs (AltORFs) are unannotated sequences in genome that encode novel peptides or proteins named alternative proteins (AltProts). Although ribosome profiling and bioinformatics predict a large number of AltProts, mass spectrometry as the only direct way of identification is hampered by the short lengths and relative low abundance of AltProts. There is an urgent need for improvement of mass spectrometry methodologies for AltProt identification. Here, we report an approach based on size-exclusion chromatography for simultaneous enrichment and fractionation of AltProts from complex proteome. This method greatly simplifies the variance of AltProts discovery by enriching small proteins smaller than 40 kDa. In a systematic comparison between 10 methods, the approach we reported enabled the discovery of more AltProts with overall higher intensities, with less cost of time and effort compared to other workflows. We applied this approach to identify 89 novel AltProts from mouse liver, 39 of which were differentially expressed between embryonic and adult mice. During embryonic development, the upregulated AltProts were mainly involved in biological pathways on RNA splicing and processing, whereas the AltProts involved in metabolisms were more active in adult livers. Our study not only provides an effective approach for identifying AltProts but also novel AltProts that are potentially important in developmental biology.

Reproductive Performance of Zi-Goose Promoted by Red Color Illumination.

The color of light affects the reproductive performance of poultry, but it is not clear what efficient illumination strategy could be adopted to improve the reproductive performance of Zi-goose. Red light can increase the average weekly egg production rate, egg production, and qualified production. It can increase the serum GnRH level and decrease the serum PRL, MT, and T4 levels. In our study, red light for 12 h increased the average weekly laying rate, average qualified egg production, and hatching rate of Zi-goose eggs, and increased the serum levels of FSH, LH, P4, E2, MT, T3, and T4. Blue light at 14 h improved the average weekly egg production rate, average egg production, and average qualified egg production, and reduce serum PRL and MT levels to ensure the improvement of reproductive performance of goose. A total of 705,714 overlapping group sequences, 471,145 transcript sequences, and 268,609 single gene sequences were obtained from 18 sequencing samples, with a total length of 323.04, 668.53, and 247.88 M, respectively. About 176,416 unigenes were annotated successfully in six databases, accounting for 65.68% of the total unigenes obtained. 2,106, 2,142, and 8,892 unigenes were identified in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary of the birds respectively, with different expressions of light regulation. The hypothalamus, ovary, and pituitary were involved in 279, 327, and 275 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) metabolic pathways in response to light, respectively. Through further significance analysis and differential discovery rate control, a total of five metabolic pathways were obtained which were closely related to the reproductive hormones of goose. Ten candidate genes related to the reproductive performance of goslings were selected according to the identification results of differentially expressed genes of goslings under red light and white light conditions and the genes involved in metabolic pathways significantly related to the reproductive hormones of goslings. The expression levels of GnRh-1 in the hypothalamus, GnRH-R, FSH ß and LH ß in the pituitary gland, and FSH-R and LH-R candidate genes in the ovary were higher under the 12 h red light treatment than white light. However, the expression levels of VIP, PRL, and PRL-R candidate genes in the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary were lower under 12 h red light than under 12 h white light.

Airway microecology in rifampicin-resistant and rifampicin-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of the respiratory system. It is still one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious disease, but it has been stuck in the study of a single pathogen. Recent studies have shown that many diseases are associated with disruption of the native microbiota. In this study we investigated the occurrence of tuberculosis and the correlation between drug resistance and respiratory flora. High-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the respiratory microbiota composition of 30 tuberculosis (TB) affected patients and compared with 30 healthy (H) controls. According to their Gene Xpert results, 30 pulmonary tuberculosis patients were divided into 12 persons in the drug-sensitive group (DS0) and 18 persons in the drug-resistant group (DR0). The microbial flora of the two were compared with the H group. RESULTS: The data generated by sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Proteus, Bacteroides, Actinomyces and Fusobacterium were the five main bacterial phyla detected, and they constituted more than 96% of the microbial community. The relative abundances of Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Porphyromonas, Neisseria, TM7, Spirochetes, SR1, and Tenericutes in the TB group was lower than that of the H group, and Granulicatella was higher than the H group. The PcoA diagrams of the two groups had obvious clustering differences. The Alpha diversity of the TB group was lower than that of the H group, and the Beta diversity was higher than that of the H group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Streptococcus in the DS0 group was significantly higher than that in the DR0 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary tuberculosis can cause disorders of the respiratory tract microbial flora, in which the relative abundance of Streptococcus was significantly different between rifampicin-sensitive and rifampicin-resistant patients.

A direct comparison between AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 leukemia fusion proteins reveals context-dependent binding and regulation of target genes and opposite functions in cell differentiation.

The ETO-family transcriptional corepressors, including ETO, ETO2, and MTGR1, are all involved in leukemia-causing chromosomal translocations. In every case, an ETO-family corepressor acquires a DNA-binding domain (DBD) to form a typical transcription factor-the DBD binds to DNA, while the ETO moiety manifests transcriptional activity. A directly comparative study of these "homologous" fusion transcription factors may clarify their similarities and differences in regulating transcription and leukemogenesis. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison between AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2, the most common fusion proteins in M2-and M7-subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia, respectively, by inducible expression of them in U937 leukemia cells. We found that, although AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 can use their own DBDs to bind DNA, they share a large proportion of genome-wide binding regions dependent on other cooperative transcription factors, including the ETS-, bZIP- and bHLH-family proteins. AML1-ETO acts as either transcriptional repressor or activator, whereas ETO2-GLIS2 mainly acts as activator. The repressor-versus-activator functions of AML1-ETO might be determined by the abundance of cooperative transcription factors/cofactors on the target genes. Importantly, AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 differentially regulate key transcription factors in myeloid differentiation including PU.1 and C/EBPß. Consequently, AML1-ETO inhibits, but ETO2-GLIS2 facilitates, myeloid differentiation of U937 cells. This function of ETO2-GLIS2 is reminiscent of a similar effect of MLL-AF9 as previously reported. Taken together, this directly comparative study between AML1-ETO and ETO2-GLIS2 in the same cellular context provides insights into context-dependent transcription regulatory mechanisms that may underlie how these seemingly "homologous" fusion transcription factors exert distinct functions to drive different subtypes of leukemia.

Profiling the Bisecting N-acetylglucosamine Modification in Amniotic Membrane via Mass Spectrometry.

Bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a GlcNAc linked to the core ß-mannose residue via a ß1,4 linkage, is a special type of N-glycosylation that has been reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as cell adhesion and fetal development. This N-glycan structure is abundant in human trophoblasts, which is postulated to be resistant to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, enabling a mother to nourish a fetus without rejection. In this study, we hypothesized that the human amniotic membrane, which serves as the last barrier for the fetus, may also express bisected-type glycans. To test this hypothesis, glycomic analysis of the human amniotic membrane was performed, and bisected N-glycans were detected. Furthermore, our proteomic data, which have been previously employed to explore human missing proteins, were analyzed and the presence of bisecting GlcNAc-modified peptides was confirmed. A total of 41 glycoproteins with 43 glycopeptides were found to possess a bisecting GlcNAc, and 25 of these glycoproteins were reported to exhibit this type of modification for the first time. These results provide insights into the potential roles of bisecting GlcNAc modification in the human amniotic membrane, and can be beneficial to functional studies on glycoproteins with bisecting GlcNAc modifications and functional studies on immune suppression in human placenta.

The Small Open Reading Frame-Encoded Peptides: Advances in Methodologies and Functional Studies.

Small open reading frames (sORFs) are an important class of genes with less than 100 codons. They were historically annotated as noncoding or even junk sequences. In recent years, accumulating evidence suggests that sORFs could encode a considerable number of polypeptides, many of which play important roles in both physiology and disease pathology. However, it has been technically challenging to directly detect sORF-encoded peptides (SEPs). Here, we discuss the latest advances in methodologies for identifying SEPs with mass spectrometry, as well as the progress on functional studies of SEPs.

Nonplanar Helicene Benzo[4]Helicenium for the Precise Treatment of Renal cell Carcinoma.

Immune and targeted therapy are becoming the first-line treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, therapeutic outcomes are limited due to the low efficiency and side effect. Here, it is found that helicenes are able to exhibit an anticancer capability through changing the molecular structure from planar to nonplanar. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity in vitro and cancer inhibition ability of nonplanar helicenes increase with its aromatic rings' number. It is further demonstrated that benzo[4]helicenium shows the specific killing efficiency against the RCC cancer as compared to normal kidney cells. This is majorly originated from a more selective damage of benzo[4]helicenium for mitochondria and DNA in RCC cancer cells, not the normal kidney. The selective killing ability of benzo[4]helicenium makes it have potential to be used as a targeted drug for the precise treatment of RCC.

Thioredoxin-1 mediates neuroprotection of Schisanhenol against MPP+-induced apoptosis via suppression of ASK1-P38-NF-κB pathway in SH-SY5Y cells.

Oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and apoptosis play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and as a vital antioxidant protein, thioredoxin (Trx) exerts neuroprotection against PD. In this study, we investigated the effect of Schisanhenol (Sal), an active component from a traditional Chinese herb Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.), on MPP+-induced apoptosis and its association with thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) in SH-SY5Y cells. The protein levels of Trx1 and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot, the expression of Trx1 mRNA by real time qPCR, and apoptosis was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Pretreatment with Sal (1 µM, 10 µM, and 50 µM) dose-dependently ameliorated MPP+-induced neuronal injury, confirmed by the improvement of the viability and morphological changes. Sal decreased the apoptosis rate of cells, suppressed the production of DNA ladder and sub-G1 peak, inhibited the Caspase-3 activity and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Sal enhanced the expression of Trx1 both in the protein and mRNA levels. However, the Trx1 inhibitor PX-12 suppressed the protective effects of Sal. In addition, Sal inhibited NF-κB translocation and activation. These results suggest that Sal has a protective effect against MPP+-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via up-regulation of Trx1 expression and suppression of ASK1-P38-NF-κB pathway.

Selective and competitive functions of the AAR and UPR pathways in stress-induced angiogenesis.

The amino acid response (AAR) and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways converge on eIF2α phosphorylation, which is catalyzed by Gcn2 and Perk, respectively, under different stresses. This close interconnection makes it difficult to specify different functions of AAR and UPR. Here, we generated a zebrafish model in which loss of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (Tars) induces angiogenesis dependent on Tars aminoacylation activity. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the tars-mutant and wild-type embryos with/without Gcn2- or Perk-inhibition reveals that only Gcn2-mediated AAR is activated in the tars-mutants, whereas Perk functions predominantly in normal development. Mechanistic analysis shows that, while a considerable amount of eIF2α is normally phosphorylated by Perk, the loss of Tars causes an accumulation of uncharged tRNAThr, which in turn activates Gcn2, leading to phosphorylation of an extra amount of eIF2α. The partial switchover of kinases for eIF2α largely overwhelms the functions of Perk in normal development. Interestingly, although inhibition of Gcn2 and Perk in this stress condition both can reduce the eIF2α phosphorylation levels, their functional consequences in the regulation of target genes and in the rescue of the angiogenic phenotypes are dramatically different. Indeed, genetic and pharmacological manipulations of these pathways validate that the Gcn2-mediated AAR, but not the Perk-mediated UPR, is required for tars-deficiency induced angiogenesis. Thus, the interconnected AAR and UPR pathways differentially regulate angiogenesis through selective functions and mutual competitions, reflecting the specificity and efficiency of multiple stress response pathways that evolve integrally to enable an organism to sense/respond precisely to various types of stresses.

Downregulation of miR-142a Contributes to the Enhanced Anti-Apoptotic Ability of Murine Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells.

BACKGROUND: Leukemic stem cell (LSC) is thought to be responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) initiation and relapse. However, the inherent regulation of LSCs remains largely obscure. Herein, we integratedly analyzed miRNA and gene expression alterations in bone marrow (BM) Lin-Sca1+c-Kit+ cells (LSKs) of a tet-off inducible CML mouse model, Scl/tTA-BCR/ABL (BA). METHODS: Scl/tTA and TRE-BA transgenic mice were crossed in the presence of doxycycline to get double transgenic mice. Both miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were generated from BM LSKs at 0 and 3 weeks after doxycycline withdrawal. The target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted, followed by the miRNA-mRNA network construction. In vitro and in vivo experiments were further performed to elucidate their regulation and function in CML progression. RESULTS: As a result of the integrated analysis and experimental validation, an anti-apoptotic pathway emerged from the fog. miR-142a was identified to be downregulated by enhanced ERK-phosphorylation in BA-harboring cells, thereby relieving its repression on Ciapin1, an apoptosis inhibitor. Moreover, miR-142a overexpression could partially rescue the abnormal anti-apoptotic phenotype and attenuate CML progression. CONCLUSION: Taken together, this study explored the miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in murine CML LSKs and demonstrated that ERK-miR-142a-Ciapin1 axis played an essential role in CML pathogenesis.

The trans-omics landscape of COVID-19.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health emergency. Various omics results have been reported for COVID-19, but the molecular hallmarks of COVID-19, especially in those patients without comorbidities, have not been fully investigated. Here we collect blood samples from 231 COVID-19 patients, prefiltered to exclude those with selected comorbidities, yet with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to critically ill. Using integrative analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic profiles, we report a trans-omics landscape for COVID-19. Our analyses find neutrophils heterogeneity between asymptomatic and critically ill patients. Meanwhile, neutrophils over-activation, arginine depletion and tryptophan metabolites accumulation correlate with T cell dysfunction in critical patients. Our multi-omics data and characterization of peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients may thus help provide clues regarding pathophysiology of and potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.

An Integrated Approach for Discovering Noncanonical MHC-I Peptides Encoded by Small Open Reading Frames.

MHC-I peptides are a group of important immunopeptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the cell surface for immune recognition. The majority of reported MHC-I peptides are derived from protein coding sequences, and noncanonical peptides translated from small open reading frames (sORF) are largely unknown due to the lack of accurate and sensitive detection methods. Herein we report an efficient approach that implements complementary bioinformatic strategies to improve the identification of noncanonical MHC-I peptides. In a database search strategy, noncanonical immunopeptides mapping was optimized by combining three complementary pipelines to construct predicted sORF databases from Ribo-seq data. In a de novo peptide sequencing strategy, MS data search results were filtered against sORF databases to pin down additional noncanonical immunopeptides. In total, 308 noncanonical immunopeptides were identified from two tumor cell lines with selected ones vigorously validated. Our approach is a handy solution to identify noncanonical MHC peptides with Ribo-seq and MS data. Meanwhile, the novel noncanonical immunopeptides identified with this method could shed insights on fundamental immunology as well as cancer immunotherapies.

Intra-heterogeneity in transcription and chemoresistant property of leukemia-initiating cells in murine Setd2-/- acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) is a major obstacle in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Accumulated evidence indicates that the coexistence of multiple types of LICs with different pathogenicity in the same individual is a common feature in AML. However, the functional heterogeneity including the drug response of coexistent LICs remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the intra-heterogeneity in LICs that can help predict leukemia behavior and develop more effective treatments. METHODS: Spleen cells from the primary Setd2-/- -AML mouse were transplanted into C57BL/6 recipient mice to generate a transplantable model. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the immunophenotype of the leukemic mice. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted to detect secondary hits responsible for leukemia transformation. A serial transplantation assay was used to determine the self-renewal potential of Setd2-/- -AML cells. A limiting-dilution assay was performed to identify the LIC frequency in different subsets of leukemia cells. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing were performed to analyze the transcriptional heterogeneity of LICs. Small molecular inhibitor screening and in vivo drug treatment were employed to clarify the difference in drug response between the different subsets of LICs. RESULTS: In this study, we observed an aged Setd2-/- mouse developing AML with co-mutation of NrasG12S and BrafK520E . Further investigation identified two types of LICs residing in the c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- and c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ subsets, respectively. In vivo transplantation assay disclosed the heterogeneity in differentiation between the coexistent LICs. Besides, an intrinsic doxorubicin-resistant transcriptional signature was uncovered in c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells. Indeed, doxorubicin plus cytarabine (DA), the standard chemotherapeutic regimen used in AML treatment, could specifically kill c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- cells, but it hardly affected c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells. Transcriptome analysis unveiled a higher activation of RAS downstream signaling pathways in c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells than in c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- cells. Combined treatment with DA and RAS pathway inhibitors killed both c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- and c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells and attenuated disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified two cell subsets enriched for LICs in murine Setd2-/- -AML and disclosed the transcriptional and functional heterogeneity of LICs, revealing that the coexistence of different types of LICs in this model brings about diverse drug response.

D283 Med, a Cell Line Derived from Peritoneal Metastatic Medulloblastoma: A Good Choice for Missing Protein Discovery.

Since the Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) was launched in 2010, many techniques have been adopted for the discovery of missing proteins (MPs). Because of these efforts, only 1481 MPs remained as of July 2020; however, by relying only on technique optimization, researchers have reached a bottleneck in MP discovery. Protein expression is tissue- or cell-type-dependent. The tissues of the human testis and brain have been reported to harbor a large number of tissue-specific genes and proteins; however, few studies have been performed on human brain tissue or cells to identify MPs. Herein a metastatic cell line derived from brain cancer, D283 Med, was used to search for MPs. With a traditional and simple shotgun workflow to separate the peptides into 20 fractions, 12 MPs containing at least two unique non-nested peptides (amino acid length ≥9) were identified in this cell line with a protein false discovery rate of <1%. Following the same experimental protocol, only one MP was found in a nonmetastatic brain cancer cell line, U-118 MG. Furthermore, 12 MPs were verified as having two non-nested unique peptides by matching them with corresponding chemically synthesized peptides through parallel reaction monitoring. These results clearly demonstrate that the appropriate selection of experimental materials, either tissues or cell lines, is imperative for MP discovery. The data obtained in this study are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD021482) and PeptideAtlas (PASS01627).

setd2 knockout zebrafish is viable and fertile: differential and developmental stress-related requirements for Setd2 and histone H3K36 trimethylation in different vertebrate animals.

Setd2 is the only enzyme that catalyzes histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) on virtually all actively transcribed protein-coding genes, and this mechanism is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human. Despite this widespread and conserved activity, Setd2 and H3K36me3 are dispensable for normal growth of yeast but are absolutely required for mammalian embryogenesis, such as oocyte maturation and embryonic vasculogenesis in mice, raising a question of how the functional requirements of Setd2 in specific developmental stages have emerged through evolution. Here, we explored this issue by studying the essentiality and function of Setd2 in zebrafish. Surprisingly, the setd2-null zebrafish are viable and fertile. They show Mendelian birth ratio and normal embryogenesis without vascular defect as seen in mice; however, they have a small body size phenotype attributed to insufficient energy metabolism and protein synthesis, which is reversable in a nutrition-dependent manner. Unlike the sterile Setd2-null mice, the setd2-null zebrafish can produce functional sperms and oocytes. Nonetheless, related to the requirement of maternal Setd2 for oocyte maturation in mice, the second generation of setd2-null zebrafish that carry no maternal setd2 show decreased survival rate and a developmental delay at maternal-to-zygotic transition. Taken together, these results indicate that, while the phenotypes of the setd2-null zebrafish and mice are apparently different, they are matched in parallel as the underlying mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. Thus, the differential requirements of Setd2 may reflect distinct viability thresholds that associate with intrinsic and/or extrinsic stresses experienced by the organism through development, and these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms may serve as a reserved source supporting the evolution of life from simplicity to complexity.

A Reliable Prognosis Approach for Degradation Evaluation of Rolling Bearing Using MCLSTM.

Prognostics and health management technology (PHM), a measure to ensure the reliability and safety of the operation of industrial machinery, has attracted attention and application adequately. However, how to use the monitored information to evaluate the degradation of rolling bearings is a significant issue for its predictive maintenance and autonomic logistics. This work presents a reliable health prognosis approach to estimate the health indicator (HI) and remaining useful life (RUL) of rolling bearings. Firstly, to accurately capture the degradation process, a novel health index (HI) is constructed based on correlation kurtosis for different iteration periods and a Gaussian process latency variable model (GPLVM). Then, a multiple convolutional long short-term memory (MCLSTM) network is proposed to predict HI values and RUL values. Finally, we perform experimental datasets of rolling bearings, demonstrating that the presented method surpasses other state-of-the-art prognosis approaches. The results also confirm the feasibility of the presented method in industrial machinery.